Hazar alfaqeih Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazar alfaqeih - Personal Statement ExampleI taught mathematics in an elementary school in my country and had the opportunity for realistic application of the methods and guidelines that I learnt from the outperform Doctorate holder in the college. She inspired me to do masters degree in statistics and accordingly go for the Doctorate in the same subject. Her style of counseling was excellent, she visualized the perspectives about this subject well, and I am right off convinced that I would achieve my cargoner goals by specializing in statistics. The subject of statistics is now my passion. Before my interaction with her, I had the notion that Statistics was a dull subject, full of never-ending calculations. Her style of transaction with the finer aspect of the subject changed the attitude of the students and we began to love statistics, and eagerly looked forward to her classes. Take me as the practical example, how a teacher can influence the thinking process of a student.The t win objectives of my life go away be served, firstly to expand my knowledge on the subject and secondly to equip myself academically to bring in knowledge, as my career goal is to teach in a University and be a Visiting reviewer in business houses. With proper interaction from the lecturers and professors in your University and the fellow-students, I will further improve my dialogue skills. For an aspiring Visiting Lecturer in statistics, I would often need to explain technical matters and the in style(p) statistical methods to make them understand business and the economy from the point of view of this subject. Business tools and strategies are forever on the change with rapid progress that is taking place in technology and application of statistical methods.Your University is the best to get proficiency in statistics program, as graduates from your University hold responsible positions in top-ranked business establishments. They are constantly on the upward spiral in their c areers, and are making

What are the key internal factors and external factors to be Essay

What be the key internal factors and external factors to be considered in outlay decision making - Essay Examplehe equilibrium point where demand curve intersects with go forth curve is the decision making point at which footing is determined. When price is considered in terms of demand and provision, it house be said that price has inverse relationship with demand and positive relationship with supply. In different words, when price increases demand decreases and vice versa, while price increases supply also increases. This is because, when price increases, the customers would like to surmount its consumption as the product seems to be more expensive. Likewise, when price increases, the firms will be encouraged to throw or supply more, as they expect more for their products. In another words, price has the tendency to be increased by the increased demand and to be decreased by the increased supply. But in a real market, price is not solely determined by the equilibrium po sition of supply and demand, but some other factors also adjoin crucial part in deciding the price of the products. Pricing is a more a complex and complicated process than a simple tendency of demand and supply. Hence, determine policies which are deliberately taken by the firm is the most fundamental deciding factor which decides the price of a particular product. These pricing policies of the firm are influenced, in general, by ii sets of factors- internal and external. Both the internal as well as external factors influence the pricing decisions of every enterprise or firm. These factors may be psychological, economical, quantitative or qualitative. (Sawyer, 1981 and Kotler, 1997). 2. Internal Factors Pricing decisions are influenced by a number of internal factors which consist of profit margin, cost of production and other expenses, brand digit and expectations of the company, suppliers and employees efficiency and responsiveness of the product to the price changes (Kot ler, 1997). . These factors contribute broadly categorized under the following heads 2.1 corporate and merchandising objectives of the firm. Corporate and marketing objectives of the firm mainly adjudicate to recover the cost elements of all types, to solve target go downs and to maximize the profit. Coverage of the corporate cost of production as well as marketing should be an influential factor of pricing policy of the firm. Corporate objective of making specific return rates on the basis of internal cost factors is another important internal factor which play crucial role in an organizations pricing strategy. Some important examples of other market objectives are survival of the firm in a high competitive atmosphere, current profit maximization, market share leadership and product quality leadership (Munroe, 1990). 2.2. Image sought by the firm finished the price By setting a particular price or implementing a pricing policy, the firms seek a particular public image and thi s image plays a crucial role in the pricing policy. For example, premium prices are usually being charged for global brand. Likewise, a plant keep overtaking by setting a low price in the hope that in future, the plant can increase the demand. In this case, survival is more important than price or profit maximization (Forman, 1998). 2.2 The defend of the Production in its life cycle The stage of the production under which the firm goes through is an important factor in the price setting strategy. Whether the firm is going through increasing, decreasing or moribund returns of scale and where the position of its average and marginal product curves stand, are the important things which decisively play role in the pricing policy of the firm. 2.3. Capacity Utilization and Market Contribution rates Capacity enjoyment has a positive influence on cost-based pricing strategies. Organizations operating at full capacity are capable of spreading the fixed cost to various units and

Design Issues in the System (Security) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

envision Issues in the System (Security) - Essay ExampleThe usability and accessibility guidelines have to be followed to develop easy to drug abuse software system system. It is vital to balance the usability and security among the various material body objectives. As per the given case study, the clean system implemented in the restaurant has several issues related to the system security and user embrasure designing. It is pertinent to highlight and review these issues complicate entirely are not limited to the locking up of the system later receiving four monstrous either username or password, the system screen automatic entirelyy gets locked after three minutes of remaining idle, the locked screen move plainly be opened by the bad-tempered / logged in storyteller and if the cashier is not available the system is required rebooting to log in each other cashier. These highlighted issues are due to the bad designing of the software applications programme program tha t can be outback(a) or resolved by redesigning the software application. The implemented software application has software design issues accommodate the system has a design flaw of locking up the system either by inserting incorrect password or leaving the system idle for some time the system rebooting is a major software design flaw which wastes time as well as irritates the users. (Payne and Edwards, 2008). Design Issues Solution The design issues in the deployed software application can be determined by an analysis the design issues and preparation the new software design or redesigning the breathing software application. There are few guidelines pauperism to be considered while redesigning the currently deployed software application to remove the above highlighted design issues. These guidelines include but are not limited to the locked system should have the capability to be logged in by effective changing the username and password by any cashier, as currently the logged in cashier can only unlock the system. In this way, the manager would not be bothered every time the system is locked. Moreover, this design would remove the requirement of rebooting the system, as the system can be unlocked by any cashier after entering his / her correct login name and password. The software applications security breach can be avoided by following another guideline for securing the software application by implementing security certificates for all the users (cashier / manager / administrator). Software Design Plan The tasks for redesigning the software implemented in the restaurant may include the analysis of the existing software (highlighting key issues), redesigning of software application keeping in view the highlighted issues, construction up a prototype, performing user testing, feedback from the user, prototype refinement and these tasks lead to the final product. The above mentioned tasks consume to be performed by the team keeping in view that the existin g software has to be modify to correct the design issues, the software should adopt new hardware, the interface of the software has to be upgraded, and overall meliorate the performance of the software application. The information observed / identified through the analysis of the existing software application should be properly utilized in the implement new software application or modifying the existing software application in such a way with increased security and highly operable software applied. The software testing and validation procedures need to be developed for testing of the software application with objectives to remove the existing design issues. Documentation is one of the key factors in the success of any software application development therefore, it should be performed properly and document version should be maintained. After

Creative Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Creative Accounting - Essay ExampleIt has been pointed out that counterpoint interests of shareholders and managers often lead to the theatrical role of creating report. After having successfully assembled the resources, the company is also required to assure every(prenominal) its stakeholders that it is indeed making good use of the resources in a manner benefitting all the stakeholders. In situation yeasty bill is done very much inwardly the legal framework and the prevailing storeying standards, but quite often done to camouflage the actual picture. It wont be an exaggeration if we say that creative accounting is done with the help of the weaker points in the law of the land and the accounting standards. Creating accounting has also been termed as window dressing, aggressive accounting or fiscal gimmickry by analysts from time to time.People from outside the company as well as stakeholders from within the company make use of monetary accounting details to arrive at a st opping point regarding their decision to continue with the company or look for a better opportunity. The shareholders will go finished the financial details in order to figure out the profit margins and percentage their own dinero in the form of dividends, interests or bonus shares. near of the inferences that could be drawn using financial accounting information includeCreating accounting is therefore an effort to beguile all these ind... v. Pointing out the lapses in utilizing the financial resources judiciouslyvi. Putting a stop to corrupt practices and different types of pilferages taking place within the make-upvii. Ensuring that the accounting practices are in tune with GAAPviii. Assessing the need for further inputs in the form of finances, custody or other resources for ensuring functioning of the organizationCreating accounting is therefore an effort to influence all these indicators in order to remain out of immediate trouble. Manipulation in maintaining the account books is one such practice, use of which by some companies has come to light, during the last couple of years. Accounting as such is used for maintaining the account of quantitative information about the transactions involving finances and resources of a company. In other words it is the figure out of identifying, measuring, handling and communicating the financial information about different economic entities for being used by the concerned parties. Showcasing healthy account books in the public domain certainly helps the company and its management in attracting better reviews and commitments for the future growth of the company. This often results in managements resorting to creative accounting practices, which is mainly done to influence the opinion about the company and sometimes to conceal some unethical practices of the management or the company. Some of the widely used practices for manipulating the account books includeMaking use of the depreciation i.e. by profits stern b e inflated by increasing the useful life of an asset and thus spreading the overbear over a longer period of life. For example a company can spread over the useful life of its

The Best Source For Expo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Best Source For expo - Essay causeIt implies that chinaware Kids expo is the best source for kids expo not only in China, but likewise in the entire region.The last China Kids exposition was conducted at the Shanghai New international Expo center where many exhibitors came to show their wares. Perhaps China Kids Expo prefers the Shanghai New international Expo center because of the convenience and utility of the venue given the fact that the facility fuck contain thousands of great deal who come or the fun fair. China has one of the highest numbers of toy exporters and it is only proper that it gets the kick downstairs to display its products on a yearly basis so that the world can see the diversity and technology in Chinese products for kids.One of the most important aspects that have put China Kids Expo on the world fair map is its compliance and consistency with the international best practice, especially when it comes to kids products. In fact, the China Kids expo ha s ensured that the event is concurrent with the 13th International Conference for Trade fairs & Preschool Education Resources China Licensing Expo. China Kids Expo has provided all the information concerning its activities in both print and digital media so that everyone can get the info without necessarily having to go through unnecessary searches.China Kids Expo has an elaborate website where mass can browse and look for any information pertaining to the kids trade fair. In essence, China Kids expo sponsors the website and has it on a regular basis posts a number of contents ranging from fair news to the exhibitors profiles and products. For example, the website lists the dates, venue, and events that are to take place in Shanghai. In addition, the China Expo website is divided into the major sections that include the general information, information for visitors, and information for exhibitors. Other functions that constitute within the website include slots for fair comments, application booths, online

Taking the Steps towards Economic Stability Essay

Taking the Steps towards frugal Stability - Essay ExampleEvery country of whatever government structure has balance famine that needs to take c ar of by current government officials as s tumefy up as submission officials. However, this subject is not only a concern by those of the government exactly also those of the citizens of a true country or place. However, looking at this concern, one must puddle intelligence and knowledge as there are many terms and conditions apply. Is reducing balance on the payment famine main(prenominal)? If you are winding around trying to find the perfect answer to this question the master(prenominal) answer is yes. It is at all. Deficits on payment pull up stakes simply find your status in the planetary market. Good reputation in the global market is necessary to set up rapport and attach market demand and supply. Study shows that those markets with good reputation have big chances of development. There are piles of consequences brought a bout reducing balance of payment deficit. It is crucial to increase the economic status of a certain country to cope with the balance in deficit. A perfect way to increase economic enjoin is by enhancing the foreign change capacity of a given country. It is important to have a scent out of balance. The two main things that need to balance is the export and import capacity of a country. These two isin a unified balance. The demand for import is always reciprocal to the export demand. Any disequilibrium among the two will result into chaos. There are lots of consequences and factors that could greatly affect the payment balance. While moreover about of these factors are greatly controlled there are also factors that have no control over. First and most important factor is the economic situation especially the economic growth of a certain economy. If the economic evince is running smoothly surely demand on the common commodities will raise as mostpersonhave the buying capacity f or such commodities. Once the supply for basic commodities as well as complex needs is not enough for the consumers the perfect remedy is to import goods from other countries. The merchandise capacity of a certain country is a good sign. Another important factor is the exchange rate of the monetary fund in the international market. It is important for a certain place to have a great exchange capacity. Once a country has increase exchange rate importing power is highly good. This is a goodsignof growing economic state. Another most important resultthat needsto mindabout is theborrowingof bullion. Most of the third world country borrows funds in the international bank to pay their balance on the payment deficit as well as to have budget on other projects of the country. Lending a fund is good but it needs a lot of intelligence in spending capacity to properly budget separately funds. Properly spending the funds is necessary to have the power to pay any balance deficit. In reality, balance of payment is not good at all. Hence, borrowing is not good either. It may just increase the burden of accumulating these payment deficits. One helpful thing that a country might dealis to increase its exporting capacity. In this effort, income generating ability of a country will boom and so with the economy. exportation is also a beneficial way toprovideadequate livelihood forpeople. If the Income Account shows a proscribe result, then the

Nursing Practices Over the Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Practices Over the Years - Essay ExampleThey defined nursing to be the analysis and taking care of the human reactions of real or possible health hazards. It should also be noted in this regard that along with the definition of nursing, the education associate to nursing has also undergone a substantial change over the period (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). Comparing and Contrasting the Nursing Education The commencement of professed(prenominal) nursing dates back to the school of England in 19th century which was set up by Florence Nightingale. present ethical teachings and values that were profession-shaping were taught and exchanged. Florence Nightingales success in the field of nursing seemed to be a milestone although performance of her school graduates in those days was way below the expectation. Previously, owing to the powerful aesculapian manipulation, the educationists related to nursing stressed mostly on technical preparedness compared to science and art of nursing. But, at present the nursing education emphasizes on a much broader aspect than just technical training (Butts, 2007). The spring for this spectacular change is because of the changing societal requirements and influences. In the earlier years, nursing was not practiced at a professional level like the way it is done today. Back in those days, nurses were required to add to the patients spiritual requirements compared to the physical ones. Requirement of nurses was such where the nurses would be accountable to the physicians or surgeons first and also would decently look after their patients. The nurses were even needed to keep a check on the treatments which were ordered by the physicians as well as surgeons. The perception of nursing back then was not based on technical training. Nurses only needed to care for those people who were not able to care for or pay attention to themselves owing to health reasons. They were not required to be technically trained as anything related to the technical procedures and medications was handled by the physicians as well as the surgeons (Hutchinson, 1998). The basic responsibility of the nurses which was considered to be the main portion was their obedience towards the physicians. The nurses during that time were not permitted to question or disagree with the physicians. They had to carry out the orders and instructions of the physicians in spite of not agreeing with them. The primary aim of a nursing staff has remained the same over the years. In the present day context as well, they are expected to remain obedient towards the physicians and provide incumbent assistance to them in order to provide health care support to the patient (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). Thus, it is quite unembellished that no such technical training was required for nurses in those days. They were only required to be volition to extent their help to ease the sufferings of the sick and help them with their services. After the es tablishment of the nursing school by Florence Nightingale, the need for technical training for the nurses was recognized. The nurses were trained to carry out the instructions of the physicians for which an understanding regarding the medicines were needed. Technical training remained limited to this (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). The teaching of nursing and performance underwent alterations due to the varying wants of the society. Nursing practice is getting affect due to the advancements made in the field of technology and science. Nurses are required to work

Intern proposal memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intern proposal memo - Essay ExampleIt is authoritative to analyze such aspects since to access the level of enterpriser skills among the audience. The sessions will also equip the interns with the necessary entrepreneur skills in addition to the innate skills that they possess.Interns will be taken through a rigorous programme and equip them with knowledge and skills on subjects such as non-verbal communication, attitude towards foreigners, politics and technology. When the interns possess these knowledge, I behind state with a lot of conviction that any abroad travel will be success.In summary the future(a) tasks will be done to ensure that the interns are more than competent forwards they travel to foreign countries for any responsibility that the company will require them to perform.The schedule of tasks to be merged in the Program include communication, technology, politics and attitude towards foreigners. This can be demonstrated by the following chart in terms of percent age of how each task is

Expanding business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expanding business - Essay ExampleVietnam has a varied climate. In the north, the average temperature is around 27 C and 21 C in the south.Generally, Vietnam has a equatorial monsoon climate with average humidity of 84% all year round. Vietnam falls in both tropic and temperate climatic regularises that varies climate of Vietnam. On the northern part, Vietnam falls in the temperate climate zone and tropical climate on the Southern part. The north part of the country experience cool and dry weather from November to April and hot and rainy weather from May to October. From July to November, the coastal regions of Vietnam experience typhoons that can have the crushing impact. Randomly, there are also floods and droughts that take place that has an enormous impact on lives and agriculture (VBN paratrooper 8).Vietnams natural resources are phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, and hydropower (VBN Para 3). Agricultural resources of Vi etnam are Rice, Rubber, Coffee, cashew nut nuts, Pepper, Tea, and Fruits and Vegetables. Major industries include coal, tin, chrome, power station, tobacco, tea and cunning factories, pharmaceutical, textile, food processing (VBN Para 4). Vietnams important trading partners are Japan, China, the USA, Singapore and Taiwan. The relations between Vietnam and the USA ended up by signing a bilateral craftiness agreement in December 2001 that increased export to the USA from Vietnam. This trade agreement made the USA the second largest trading partner of Vietnam and increased trade between the dickens countries by $15.4 billions in 2009.The major export of Vietnam is Crude oil and it is the major crude oil exporter in Asia. Its main countries of export include China, Singapore, Japan, Britain, and the USA (VBN Para 6). Textile and Garment Vietnam is the worlds sixteenth biggest garment and textile exporter. It currently accounts for 2.5 % of the worlds total market share and the major importation countries are the USA, EU, and

Hydrolics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hydrolics - Lab Report theoretical accountPressures are examined at low, mid and also at high flow conditions.The spillway is one of the just intimately important structures that should be given priority in a dam project. Spillways constructed along with the dams help in controlling excess water or flood hence ensuring the safety of the project. It is also vital that the envision of the spillway facilities be done with enough capacity to help avoid overtopping of the dam, especially where an earth overgorge or rock fill dam type is used for the purpose of the project.The ogee-crested spillway has superior hydraulic characteristics. It has the ability to pass flow efficiently and safely when it is decently designed, with good flow measuring capabilities and this has enabled its coat in a variety of situations by engineers. Though much is understood about the ogee figure of speech and about its flow characteristics, it is also clear that a slight deviation from any conventional design parameter like change in the upstream flow conditions, a slightly modified crest shape or construction variations can significantly alter properties of the flow. These minor adjustments require that engineers carry out paygrade of the crest and also to determine whether the change or deviation will adversely affect the doing of the spillway or not.The ski throttle spillways are basic in their design as they convert the excess water from behind the dam. They usually have a flip lip and a dissipater handbasin which helps create a hydraulic jump and therefore protecting the toe of the dam from erosion.. An Ogee spillway was properly installed and the highest discharge was chosen and then using the weir boards, we created a USBR Type 1 stilling basin, with a hydraulic jump being within the stilling basin. We also ensured that the gradient on the flume was set at 3%. . in like manner a ski jump spillway was properly installed and the highest discharge was chosen and then us ing the weir boards, we created a USBR Type 1 stilling

Is high speed railway a better way to promote benefits to public Essay

Is high school speed railway line a better way to promote benefits to habitual - Essay ExampleMoreover, over the historic moment, the train has been evolving and the Japanese system was the first in the world, jump in 1964. It has borrowed a lot from it foster m other(a)s of coal engine. However, most of high-speed rail is usually designed for passenger travels although some be used for freight services.Like any transport system, high-speed railway is not inherently convenient, fast, clean, or comfortable. All of this depends on design, implementation, maintenance, operation and funding. Operational smoothness is often much indicative of organizational discipline than technological prowess.Additionally, the growths of travel systems are constrained by the existing infrastructure. When other modal values cannot expand, HSR may possibly provide a feasible alternative. HSR systems are more environmentally friendly than ship or road travel, given their higher fuel efficiency per pa ssenger-kilometer and reduced land use.The initial gallery for the introduction of high speed rail was the need for additional capacity to meet increasing command for passenger rail travel. Urban density and mass transit have been key factors in the success of railway transport.We decided to base our research on the efficacy of the high speed rail on the public. In general, the study will detail on how efficient the railway has become to the society. Moreover, HS2 are high investment long-term infrastructure projects meant to substantially change travel patterns. Beyond the travel mode change, this paper seeks to evaluate if HS2 station have an economic benefit to the public. Consequently, urban areas in UK were selected for the abbreviation because of the age, gender and employment status of the respondents. SpecificallyThere are various negative costs associated with emerged high speed railways. For instance, there is raised cost of transporting goods and services, land

The troubled history of the Airbus A380 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

The move history of the Airbus A380 - Essay ExampleIn addition, Soft Systems Methodology allows to identify analyze multiple levels of the trouble with purpose of finding the most effective solutions that take into account relationships and dependencies that might not be clear seen using the Hard Systems Methodology. The analysis and evaluation defecate shown that the role of systems and operations counsel is underestimated by Airbus management in the process of managing separate projects and overall business operations. In addition, effective systems and operations management strategies have not been integrated within the play along well enough due to lack of organization, strong leadership and communication, among other factors. Business process reengineering, total quality management, Lean and Six Sigma approaches to improvement have been canvass with the purpose of determining the most effective for Airbus to use. The analysis has shown that business process reengineering would be the most attach for Airbus approach because it implies implementing radical changes within rather narrow time frames. Rapid changes, in their turn, show to be the most effective in attempts to radically improve organizational performance. It is recommended that Airbus uses business process reengineering approach for improve its systems and operations management. Furthermore, decision do and supporting systems, such as transaction processing systems, management culture systems and decision support systems should be incorporated into organizational operations in order to align development systems and operations management of the company. Introduction Airbus is, as the company writes about itself, a technology-oriented organization that created its first flow in 1974 (Airbus.com, 2011). In 1991 the company started running(a) an idea of creating a super-large passenger aircraft. The jet would become the largest airplane ever made. Consequently, the work on its creation was sure to be complex and demanding. However, it took the company 14 years, since 1993 when Airbus started working of the development of the super jumbo, for the new aircraft to take off in full service in 2007 (Slack, Chambers and Johnstone, 2010). As Slack, Chambers and Johnstone (2010) report, it took the company so many years to, finally, complete the project, because of a fig of problems within the organization. Most of them, such as weak organization of production processes, poor leadership or use of incompatible software by different departments, are related to of systems and operations management practices of Airbus. Therefore, the tendency of the given report is to determine and analyze how systems and operations management concepts are used by the company and how systems and operations management is integrated into the business. Soft Systems Methodology will be used for analyzing the situation and making recommendations about how the Airbus information systems and oper ations management should be updated to support and improve their business efficiency. Furthermore, people, technology and organisational issues knotted in improving the operations at Airbus will be assessed and analyzed in order to clear up how in particular Airbus can improve its business processes through the update and improvement

Globalization as an ingrained culture of capitalism Essay

Globalization as an ingrained culture of capitalism - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that through years globalization has raised doubts in our minds. There has been a constant debate on the pros and cons of globalization. Many have debated this phenomenon is a result of the telecommunication boom leading to turning the world into a global village. With a growing sense of unease among many of us, the current trends in global capitalism and global society are being forever reviewed and reiterated. It has been argued by many theorists that the characteristic aspect of the globalized economy is the market economy. However, some have maintained that it is not so much market economy but capitalism that characterizes todays time. Trying to get a line the rules that guided capitalism in earlier days will help to understand the new miscellany of capitalism, globalization, today. Eighteenth-century definition of capitalism refers to an economic and social regime in which the benefits and ow nership of productive assets were appropriated by the minority to the exclusion of the many. The driving force was money which was used to make more money by any means available to those who already have a great deal. Capitalism has not been touch with the efficient allocation of resources to meet the needs of common man thus resulting in inequality and release mostly. The ideal of capitalism is a borderless global economy in which money and goods can be travel freely in search of short-term maximum profits without regard to the consequence for people, communities, and nature.

Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Term Paper - Essay ExampleAn example of this landscape is the Donnell garden, Sonoma, CA which is exit to be discussed in this paper. This beautiful and most popularized place in the recent history of the United States America, in particular in the California state preserves virtuoso of the iconic designs ever created. The shape and station out of this monumental cultural landscape tells it all. According to the available records the landscape design was done by architect Thomas Church, with h the help of Lawrence Helprin and fellow architect George Rockrise. This design which was identified as Donnell tend in Sonoma was done for the family of the Donnells-Jean and Dewey. Nowadays the garden is regarded as the Modernist Icon as swell up as one of the top most preserved examples relating to its time (Treib, 2003.). The subject family selected as a fix, a favorite saddle on their scatter where picnics could be enjoyed by both the residents and the visitors to the family. This p refigure is described as hillside overlooking the San Francisco utters northern extensions. This gives the location a unique viewing point of the environment it has been established. This unique location and design was be intimated in 1948 and sooner than later the garden become popular for its unusual, distinct, abstracted forms. This make the place the frequently photographed point in its vicinity. This save promoted it to stand out as a juvenile California living style that took place both outdoors and indoors, with fluid transitions amid these equally important locations (Treib, 3 Maturity and Modernity. 2003). It is worth noting that the garden was designed at the time in which the economy of California was considered sound and experiencing a rapid growth in its population. The conception of the garden by Church was to offer a place where people could relax, swim, entertain, garden, and play as well as barbeque. This gave a blended point where sundry(a) recreational activ ities could be done simultaneously or consecutively giving someone a complete experience of the environment in terms of weather and climate prevailing at the point (Treib, The Donnel and ALCOA Gardens. 2004). This further explains why the place is considered the modern iconic place of California living style. At the Donnell garden, it is clear that the couturier Church attempted to respond to the specific characteristics relating to client and site, whereas exploring new forms. Of specific interest to note is the biomorphic unsubdivided swimming pool its Adaline Kent sculpture that functions both as a central point and a minute, habitable island as well as the floating deck that is designed with a wooden boards checkerboard that conserve trees whereas extending the living space outdoors. This beautiful transition between the inside and outside of the location gives a well thought modern way of connecting life styles from the indoors and outdoors by providing coordination of the sc ene at the point focused on (Walker 1989). More description of the cultural landscapes helps to give people the desire to be associated with the poser modern tourist destination. It is described one of the very important gardens ever associated with the 20th century. It is also referred to as the El Novillero a name that comes after the former use of the site as a ranch (Walker 1989). This partly explains that renaming was necessary to make it an iconic

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS - Essay ExampleMore effort needs to be plugged in this area of verbiage. The Piraha people relieve oneself a very different distinct spoken language. Their language has no history, neither does it have any descriptive words or sub-ordinate cla wonts. This is what makes their language a opposed affair and has attracted eyeballs of many linguists round the globe. Linguistics center around what most idioms round the world have in common. But Piraha language stands out from the other languages where its main features are concerned. Their language is super spare and comprises of only 3 pronouns. There is no concept of tense in their language. There is scarce any use of past tense verb conjugation and colors are not that important to Piranhas either. The biggest quandary of their language is the fact that this is the only language in the world that does not use any mortify clauses. For instance if they were to tell someone that they were done eating and can talk they would use the following education I finish eating, I speak with you. Pirahas are just as surprising in their everyday lives. They dont normally need figures and make use of words like all, every, to a greater extent all the time. It is said that they use a word called hoi and it comes close to the numeral 1. However it can too be referred to as something small or which is in a relatively less amount. For example it could be two small fish compared to one big fish. Another strange thing about their language and culture stems from their inability to count on fingers. For instance they would not count on fingers to determine the number of pieces of meat that need to be grilled for villagers or how much they demand from Brazilian traders. Thus Pirahas use of language is very weird and perplexing. References CORBETT, GREVILLE G. 2000. Number. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. CRAIN, S., AND D. LILLO-MARTIN. 1999. An introduction to linguistic theory and language acq uisition. Oxford DAVIDSON, DONALD. 2001 (1997). The emergence of thought, in Subjective, intersubjective, objective. redact by Donald Davidson. Oxford Oxford University Press. DESALLES, JEAN-LOUIS. 2004. About the adaptiveness of syntactic recursion. http//www.interdisciplines.org/coevolution/papers/3/5/1. DESCOLA, PHILIPPE. 1994. In the society of nature A native ecology in Amazonia. Translated by N. Scott. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. AS DE VALOIS R., H. C. MORGAN, M. C. POLSON, W. R. MEAD, AND E. M. HULL. 1974. Psychophysical studies of monkey vision. 1. Macaque luminosity and color vision tests. Vision look into 1453 67. DIESSEL, H. 1999. Demonstratives Form, function, and grammaticalization. Amsterdam John Benjamins. DIXON, R. M. W. 1995. Complement clauses and complementation strategies, in Grammar and meaning. Edited by F. Palmer, pp. one hundred seventy-five 220. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. . 2002 Australian languages. Cambridge Cambridge University Pre ss. ENFIELD, NICK. Editor. 2002. Ethnosyntax Explorations in grammar and culture. Oxford Oxford University Press. EVERETT, DANIEL L. 1979. Aspectos da fonologia do Piraha. M.A. thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,Campinas, Brazil. . 1983. A lingua piraha e a teoria da sintaxe. Sc.D. diss., Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. . 1985. Syllable weight, quaggy phonemes, and channels in Piraha discourse, in Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 11. Edited by Mary Niepokuj et al., pp. 408 16.

Professionalism and system of Healing Essay Example for Free

Professionalism and system of improve EssayMuch of the existing sociological sprain on professions and professionalism takes a structural approach (Macdonald 1995) the focus is on how groups of people professionalize, or how professionalism can be defined, which occupations count as true professions (Johnson 1981). For this reason professionalism is often dismissed as rhetoric. In order to fulfil status and monopolistic position in the market for services of some kind, aspiring professionals are seen to separate out the distinctness of their knowledge, the undoubted authenticity of their altruism and the responsibility of their members. When professionalism is considered purely as a trope perhaps this is a legitimate line to take. However, it can overlook the fact that professionalism can also be regarded as a set of boundary setting practices. These practices no doubt contri besidese to status since they distance the professional from the client, but they may also benefit th e client. For example, the practitioner may adopt a person in which his or her emotions or prejudices are back grounded and subordinated to the clients task in hand (Cant and Sharma 1998).Professionalism Professionalism in medicament is nothing more than the institutionalization of a male upper class monopoly. I must never play a joke on professionalism with expertise. Expertise is something to work for and to share professionalism is by definition elitist and exclusive, sexist, racist and classist. In the American past, women who sought ball medical training were too ready to accept the professionalism that went with it.They made their gains in status but unaccompanied on the backs of their less privileged sisters midwives, nurses and lay healers. The main goal today should never be to lax up the exclusive medical profession to women, but to open up medicine to all women. Professionalism is the world power to meet the relationship-centered expectations implyd to practice medicine competently. What does competence look alike?The American Board of medical checkup Specialties (ABMS), the umbrella organization for certifying boards agree that competent physicians have abilities in the following areas medical knowledge, patient care, professionalism, practice-based knowledge and improvement, interpersonal and communication skill, and system based practice. Professionalism integrates all these competencies. It can be observed, for instance, with practice-based learning and improvement when students or residents reflect on their performance and task themselves.Professionalism interfaces with system-based practice when students or residents help patients obtain the care and resources they wishing to maintain wellness. Professionalism overlaps with interpersonal and communication skills and with patient care when students or residents are respectful in their interactions with others. The Healing System The integrative practitioner acknowledges the intrins ic restorative capacity of the human organism. Activation of this surgery is life-sustaining to an integrative practitioners decisions regarding which therapeutic choices are most beneficial for the patient.Weil has described the c at a timept of a healing system operating in the human organism, not intrinsically different in personality from the endocrine system the nervous system, the immune system, or any other conventionally defined working(a) system in the human body. Like these other systems, the healing system is not specifically set in any single organ, but functions via a subtle and complex web of intracellular signboard systems affecting all levels of the organism, from the cellular level to the tissue-organ level to the levels of mind and spirit.Weil gives an example of the process at the cellular level when the DNA of a skin cell is damaged by ultraviolet radiation potentially triggering mutation and unregulated replication, eventually leading to development of a skin malignancy DNA lipase and a set of related enzymes within the damaged cells nucleus are automatically activated, resulting in the identification and removal of the damaged sequence, with restoration of normal replication.If this level of automatic healing fails, then generally, once the cell has mutated and begun to replicate abnormally, immune cells will identify it as foreign and contain and destroy the affect group of cells without any conscious action on the part of the person affected. At the level of tissues or organs, the spontaneous healing of wounds is an obvious example of the healing system at work.The occurrence of an injury initiates a complex system of intracellular signaling, leading to local inflammation as a defense against infection, change magnitude tissue perfusion to promote healing, and, ultimately, activation of fibroblasts and other cells to repair the damaged skin and subcutaneous tissues. Here again, although this process can potentially be influen ced by certain inputs, including medications, botanicals, mind-body therapies, and others, the basic mechanisms of healing are intrinsic and require no intervention to be moved into action.Summary Medicine is a cooperative art and a deeply satisfying profession. Students become professional by paying attention to the relationship of medicine-relationships with patients, colleagues, and mentors. Competence in professionalism is a habit, and its acquisition requires more than knowledge and skill. The inclusion of traditional medical system and other proved modalities in a healing-oriented framework brings us back to a more balanced stance that serves the physician, the patient, and ultimately, the health care system..

Work Family Conflict Essay Example for Free

break down Family Conflict EssayConsequences Associated With Work-to-Family Conflict A Review and Agenda for Future Re look for Tammy D. Allen, David E. L. Herst, Carly S. Bruck, and Martha Sutton University of south-central FloridaA spatiotemporal check into of the outcomes associated with work-to-family conflict was conducted and effect sizes were estimated. A typology was presented that grouped outcomes into 3 categories work related, nonwork related, and attempt related. Issues concerning the judgement of workfamily conflict were also discussed. The results demonstrate the widespread and serious consequences associated with work-to-family conflict. On the basis of the results of the review, an agenda for future(a) interrogation was provided.Striking changes in the nature of families and the workforce, such as more dual-c atomic number 18r couples and rising numbers of functional mothers with young children, return increased the likelihood that employees of some(p renominal) genders arrest substantial household responsibilities in supplement to their work responsibilities (Bond, Galinsky, Swanberg, 1998 Gilbert, Hallett, Eldridge, 1994). These radical changes have prompted considerable research related to work and family issues. The topic of work-family conflict has been of point conflict interest. Recent research indicates that 40% of employed parents experience work-family at least some of the sequence 1993).Moreover, (Galinsky, Bond, Friedman,Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, and Rosenthal (1964) suggested that work-family conflict is a type of interrole conflict in which role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually ill-sorted to some degree. That is, work-family conflict occurs when demands associated with one domain are Kopelman, incompatible with demands associated with the other domain (Greenhaus Buetell, 1985 Greenhaus, Connolly, 1983). Although earlyresearch treated work-family conflict primarily as a unidimensiona l construct, recent research (Frone, Russell, Cooper, 1992) suggests that it is reciprocal in nature, in that work can interfere with family (work-to-family conflict WFC) and family can interfere with work (family-to-work conflict FWC).WFC and FWC are generally considered distinct but related constructs. Research to date has primarily investigated how work interferes or conflicts with family. Outcomes associated with unwarranted work interference with family include subcontract dissatisfaction, job burnout, turnover, depression, life dissatisfaction, and marital dissatisfaction (e.g., Adams, King, King, 19% R. J. Burke, 1988 Frone et al., 1992 Greenhaus Beutell, 1985 Netemeyer, Boles, McMurrain, 1996 Thomas Ganster, 1995). disrespect the rapidly growing body of literature examining WFC, few efforts have been do to review empirical findings. oer a decade ago, Greenhaus and Beutell (1985) reviewed the studies that had investigated sources or antecedents of WFC. More recently, Kossek and Ozeki (1998) conducted a meta-analysis examining the relationship among WFC and two specific outcomes job satisfaction and life satisfaction. Kossek and Ozekis work was much needed and an informative addition to the literature. However, there are more additional outcome variables that have been empirically related to WFC that were not included in Kossek and Ozekis matter.TheGalinsky et al. reported that workers who started a new job within the past 2 years stated that the effect of the job on family life was second in importance to open communications when formulating their decision to accept the job. Likewise, Galinsky, Johnson, and Friedman (1993) cited a study conducted by the New York Times indicating that 83% of working mothers and 72% of working fathers reported experiencing conflict amid their job demands and their desire to spend more time with their families. These findings underscore the importance of the topic of work-family conflict to both organizations a nd employees.Tammy D. Allen, David E. L. Herst, Carly S. Bruck, and Martha Sutton, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida. Aprevious version of this phrase was presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the troupe for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia. We thank Mark L. Poteet, Lillian T. Eby, and Paul E.Specter for their helpful comments regarding various aspects of this article. Correspondence concerning this article should he addressed to Tammy D. Allen, University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, BEH 339, Tampa, Florida 33620-8200. Electronic mail may he sent to emailprotectedpurpose of the present article is to fill this void in the literature. This review provides a comprehensive summary and evaluation of empirical research of the outcomes associated with WFC, including an organizing framework and suggestions for future research. An extensive review is needed for some(prenominal) reasons, One area of co ncern is the limited amount of integration in the field.The work and family research trough is fractionated because of diverse types of individuals working in it. For example, individuals working in disciplines such as psychology, sociology, business, and social work have contributed to work and family research. This tends to lead to an emphasis on different issues (e.g., sociologists are more concerned with family-related outcomes, whereas organizational psychologists are more concerned with work-related outcomes) without an examination of similar work in other disciplines. As noted by Russell (1991), implications associated with fractionation and isolation are that progress in research and practice is not systematic or integrated.Separate, disjointed theories may develop across fields as a result. This limits the progress that could be made by taking a broader, more integrative perspective that builds on previous research. By providing a summary of existing research organized und er one framework, we hope that researchers from various disciplines will become more familiar with one anothers work, facilitating the integration of findings from various subfields and subsequent theory building. Additionally, a comprehensive review of the area should help clarify and underscore the widespread negative effects of WFC. A better perceptiveness of these effects might aid in efforts to manage the work and family interface. Moreover, highlighting the dysfunctional and socially dearly-won effectsassociated with WFC may help convince policymakers of the need to provide interventions that can help mitigate WFC.For limpidity and parsimony, our article is restricted to a review of the outcomes associated with work-tofamily conflict (WFC). In some cases, results were reported in which researchers combine WFC with FWC or asked about work and family conflict in general. Those cases are noted in the review. This review is carve up into four major sections. First, the criter ia utilise to identify articles for the review and to conduct statistical analyses are briefly draw. Second, we visit issues concerning the measurement of WFC. Third, we present the results of our review for the three categories of outcomes followed by a summary and suggestions for additional research for individually. Finally, a general discussion of findings and future research are provided.MethodRelevant articles were identified through manual(a) and computer searches. Computerized searches were conducted through PsycLJT and OVID information bases using the key words work and family conflict.11 A manual search was conducted of all articles published from 1977 through 1998 in Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of man and wife and the Family, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision-Making Processes, and Academy of Management Journal. Additionally, the reference list of each identified article was manua lly cross-checked for other potential articles. Attempts were also made to locate articles that used meagrely different terms such as interrole conflict and multiple role stress1 to refer to WFC. Our criteria for inclusion in the review were twofold. One, WFC had to be a quantitatively measured variable in the study. Thus, we eliminated articles that were not empirical. Two, the study had to measure the relationship between WFC and one or more variables that could theoretically be considered outcomes of WFC.This eliminated articles that focused solely on sources or antecedents of WFC. It should be noted at this point that the majority of studies in the work and family arena have been cross-sectional in nature, precluding firm causal inferences regarding the direction of the relationships studied. For the purposes of the present review, we included variables that seemed more reasonable or plausible as outcomes of WFC rather than as causes. It is notour intention to infer that revers e causality is not feasible. A total of 67 articles were located that fit these criteria. Statements regarding significance are based on the zeroorder bivariate correlation between WFC and the outcome variable reported in each study. Except where noted otherwise, relationships cited in text are in the expected direction (e.g., greater WFC was associated with less job satisfaction).Figure 1 provides a framework of the variables included in the study. To provide an estimate of the effect size associated with each of the relationships reviewed, we followed meta-analytic procedures described in Rosenthal (1991). Both un dull and weighted by sample size average correlations were computed. Only studies that included a zero-order bivariate correlation between WFC and another variable were included in these analyses. In circumstances in which a study involved a sample that was a subset of the same sample used in another study, the study with the largest sample was included in die analysis. An exception was made if sample alternative criteria were clearly different.If a study assessed several specific indices of WFC (conflict between parent and worker and conflict between spouse and worker) these were combined to form a general assessment of WFC. A similar approach was used in analyzing several outcome variables. For example, if a .study examined overall mental health and psychological distress, the correlations were combined for the statistical analyses. In studies in which separate correlations were reported for different subgroups (e.g., male vs. female single-earner vs. dual-earner), the correlation for each subgroup was weighted by sample size and combined. For consistency purposes, we reversed the sign of the correlation in cases such as when a high score on the WFC measure.

The Definition of Agriculture Essay Example for Free

The Definition of Agriculture EssayAgriculture is the returnion of fodder and goods through farming and forestry . Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domestic animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties and techniques, including ways to expand the lands suitable for plant raising, by digging water-channels and other forms of irrigation. Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on direct land remain at the foundation of agriculture. In the past century there has been increasing advert to identify and quantify various forms of agriculture. In the developed world the range usually extends between sustainable agriculture (e. g. permaculture or organic agriculture) and intensive farming (e. g . industrial agriculture).Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements eat sharply increased yields from cultivation, and at the same time induct ca utilize widespread ecological damage and damaging human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming (and similar practices applied to the chicken)have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production.The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and lancinate materials. In the 2000s, plants have been used to grow biofuels, biopharmaceuticals, bioplastics, and pharmaceuticals. Specific foods include cereals, vegetables, fruits, and meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include baseball bat and bamboo. Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins. Biofuels include methane from biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel.Cut flowers, nursery plants, equatorial fish and birds for the pet trade are some of the ornamental products. In 2007, about one third of the worlds workers were employed in agriculture. The services sector has overtaken agriculture as the economic sector employing the most large number worldwide. Despite the size of its workforce, agricultural production accounts for less than five percent of the gross world product (an aggregate of all gross domestic products).

Global Culture and New Culture Essay Example for Free

Global gloss and New Culture EssayThe concept of Global Culture is defined as the idea of a iodine world culture wherein the earths inhabitants will lose their cultural diversity and one culture will be experienced by all(a) hoi polloi (Oregon State University, 2008). At present, this resistant of phenomenon is one of the intimately controversial issues that is being discusses and debated by numerous scholars peculiarly in its relation to the changes that is before coherent happening in the world. However, the idea of a globular culture is not a new playing area matter, as it had been perceived by previous noted personalities. This is greatly exemplified by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel as they discussed the concept of spherical culture in the communistic Manifesto. The commie Manifesto is considered as one of the worlds most influential political manuscripts in which the purposes and program of the Communist coalition is written. Nevertheless, this document as we ll tackled the Communist Leagues criticism of the Bourgeois In order to so, they excessively gave their perception of ball-shaped culture and how this phenomenon affects the society.Marx and Engel began the Communist Manifesto by stating that the foundation all existing societies is the history of class struggle. They pointed out that early epochs up to the time that the manifesto was created the society is always composed of competing classes that are most appropriately described as the oppressor and the oppressed. The development and revolutions in history paved the way for two great classes that are directly lining against each other namely the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat.The formation of the modern Bourgeoisie is the product of a long course of development as well as the series of revolutions with regards to production and exchange (Marx and Engel, 1848). The Bourgeoisie is generally responsible in the changes of the mode of production, which give way to various modifica tions that greatly exemplified the idea of a global culture. The existence of the Bourgeoisie is dependent upon the continuous revolutionizing of the instruments of production and eventually the relations of productions. This includes expanding the market over the integral surface of the globe for the consumption of its products.Marx and Engel clearly explained the Bourgeoisies desire for globalization when they stated, It must draw close e reallywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere (Marx and Engel, 1848). In relation to the idea of market expansion, the Communist Manifesto also give call able-bodied account of the concept of free trade, which is an important feature in achieving a global culture. The Communist League strongly believes that Free Trade is the main culprit in most peoples perception that personal worth is measured by the exchange of value that is most patent in the importance they give to material things.In order for the Bourgeoisie to pursue their objective of favourableness by increasing production, they have to exploit other people by changing the way they reckon about themselves and modifying the values that they uphold (Marx and Engel, 1848). The Bourgeoisies exploitation of the world market is creating a universal character to production and consumption of every country. Due to this, it is eradicateing the old-established theme industries that are important in the national identity of a country.Industries do not scarcely utilized indigenous raw materials but they adopt it from the remotest parts of the world and their products are not merely consumed at their respective countries but also in every quarter of the globe. The globalization of trade also affects other factors such as communication. As such, the very way of life of the people is also influence wherein they adhere to the ideologies of the Bourgeoisie like being consumerists, which heightens the criminal prosecution of this class interests (Marx an d Engel, 1848).In this sense, Communists support the sentiments of the undertaking that they believed is being exploited by the Bourgeoisie. The league represents the common interests of all proletariats around the world regardless of their nationalities. They represent the proletariats in the different stages of development of the Bourgeoisie wherein there is an discernable struggle of the working class. The primary aim of the Communist is similar with all other proletarian parties, which are the formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeoisie supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat (Marx and Engel, 1848).Nevertheless, the Communist Manifesto clarifies that it is not after the abolition of property in general but quite an the eradication of bourgeois property. In doing so, they can be able to uphold the freedom, independence, and equality of an individual that is interpreted away from him or her due to exploitative wage labor (Marx and E ngel, 1848). Communists clearly saw the creation of a global culture through the revolution of production that the Bourgeoisie are responsible for as the perform of most of the worlds evil.Some of the detrimental effects that it gives are the exploitation of people especially the proletariat, the destruction of old established institution like the family, and the very self-value of an individual. On the other hand, some notable scholars like atomic number 1 Jenkins and Rob Walker perceive the new culture of globalization in a different light. Their works show the effects of the technological advancement that Marx and Engels noted in the Communist Manifesto. Henry Jenkins main argument was on the concept of Media Convergence. He asserted that the perspective that merely focused on technology is shortsighted.Jenkins emphasized that the real important factor is the saying of the way by which individuals in the coeval culture could participate and combine numerous media sources. Com prehending the relationship among various media forms can be done in a more in depth manner if the fight of individuals will be given due consideration. In relation to this, Jenkins suggested that convergence should be seen as a cultural process that is evolving and developing sort of than a mere technological end. Moreover, he also elaborated that there are different sited wherein the negotiations in the midst of consumers and producers take place.These sites are modifying audience measurement, redirecting globalization, re-engaging citizens, renegotiating relations betwixt producers and consumers, redesigning the digital economy, rethinking media aesthetics, regulating media content, redefining intellectual property rights, and restricting media ownership (Jenkins, 2006). Jenkins was able to seriously and extensively take away the effects of audience participation in media culture. He was able to highlight the influence of digital popular culture on the behavior of individ uals especially in terms of their participation in the field of politics.Rob Walker is also one of the contemporary personalities that has its own perspective with the modern state of production and consumption that exists in the world today. His arguments are centered on the concept of money culture and means of technology like advertising, music, and sequential art. The focus of Walker study is in examining the consumer behavior of an individual from the lens of business and anthropology. He discussed various products and the corresponding consumer trend that is was able to create.Walker attempts to discover the reasons behind consumers response to a certain product, which ranges from toothpaste to alcoholic drinks up to television programs. In doing so, he tend to critical analyze the a particular product by trying to understand the underlying concept of its brand name, target consumer, and even its effect on those who patronize it. Furthermore, he also tries to establish a conn ection between the product and the consumer by explaining how the characteristic or attitude of a consumer is reflected in the products that he or she buys (Walker, 2008).Marx and Engels Communist Manifesto calls the people especially the proletariat to take fulfil in abolishing the concept of private property of the Bourgeoisie class that tends to exploit other people and destroy the very culture of nations. On the other hand, Jenkins and Walker also give emphasis in the participation of people in the convergence of media but they pointed out that this aids in the formation of identity preferably than a mere way for exploitative labor.National identities are formed because of the existence of mass media that allows its audience to create their own texts and introduce their own identities that allows other people in the globe to see and understand other cultures. The existence of mass media in terms of the concept of convergence is already regarded as a cultural process in itself that allows people to develop their identities. In this modern age, mass media is not merely a technological advancement but rather it is a tool that allows people to participate and interact in the international community.References Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture Where Old and New Media Collide. New York New York University Press. Marx, K. , Engels, F. (1848). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http//www. marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01. htm. Oregon University States. (2008). Definitions of Anthropological Terms. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http//oregonstate. edu/instruct/anth370/gloss. html. Walker, R. (2008). Buyingin The Secret Dialogue between What We Buy and Who We Are. New York Random House.

Welfare to Work Midterm Essay Example for Free

well universe to Work Midterm Essay1. hot seat Clinton signed into equityfulness the Personal Responsibility and Work probability Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) P.L. 104-193 on August 22, 1996. What are the basis and implications of this law?On August 22, 1996, President William Jefferson Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work luck Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) (P.L. 104-193, 110 Stat. 2105) into law, thus fulfilling his fly the coop promise to end public avail as we know it. The PRWORA changed both the substance and administration of the national offbeat system. The browse on eliminated the prior social eudaemonia system, which had been attacked for decades by policy- springrs, the press, and the public for increasing authorities spending while do the poor dependent on government charity. The separated purposes of the PRWORA were to reduce eudaemonia dependency and step up-of-wedlock births and to encourage the arrangement of devil-parent families. In l ine with these goals, the PRWORA required welfare recipients to do within two years of receiving assistance, and it put a five-year lifetime limit on the receipt of benefits. It in whatsoever case ended the entitlement status of welfare benefits. In addition, the correspond made other, less publicized changes to several social welfare programmes, both restricting the availability of benefits (making it harder for alter squirtren to qualify for assistance, limiting eligibility for food stamps, denying welfare benefits to most legal immigrants) and strengthening programs that aid youngsterren (reorganizing and increasing championship for child sympathize with, toughening the enforcement of rules for child support).In addition to the acts primary emphasis on putting welfare recipients to take a leak, the PRWORA besides radic aloney altered the way government delivers welfare benefits in three important ways(1) change magnitude role of states. To fund welfare the PRWORA pro vided the states with icy block grants called Temporary tending to impoverished Families (TANF) to fund welfare, totaling $16.5 meg annually over six years. Congress also included a provision in the act that would result in TANF accompaniment cuts if the states failed to move a required partage of recipients into the workforce and off welfare. Nevertheless, TANF gave states prolonged judgement to institution and operate their own programs. This transfer of authority from the national government to the states is called devolution. chthonic devolution, states surrender many choices to make in shaping their welfare policiesncluding being more(prenominal) stringent than federal law requires. For instance, some states look at chosen to limit the receipt of benefits to less than five years, to cut benefits to families with truant children, or to mandate that parents take parenting classes.(2) Increased role of topical anaesthetic entities. The PRWORA allowed states to devo lve their authority even further to counties, local governments, or even clandestine entities. The private entities involved in welfare administration include a wide range of for-profit companies, nonprofit companies, and religious groups. As a result, welfare programs vary widely non only from state to state but also within local jurisdictions.This transfer of authority to private providers, an approach called privatization, has raised questions nigh accountability. In other words, some critics argue that PWROWA has made it more elusive for the government to oversee programs so as to ensure quality service to recipients. The accountability of for-profit entities is of particular concern, be have the fillip to earn profits gutter lessen the quality of services provided.Critics also charge that privatization whitethorn cause private providers to lose their independent character as they become increasingly bureaucratic and reliant on government funding. In addition, there has b een sharp debate over whether religious groups should receive government funding for delivering social services. Opponents charge that this violates the separation mingled with church and state. Proponents hold that a spiritual approach to the pitch of social services is more effective than secular approaches.(3) Changes in the role of welfare workers. The work-first emphasis of the PRWORA has dramatically changed the role of front-line workers, those low-level welfare office workers who interact directly with welfare clients. Before the PRWORA, front-line workers cerebrate on two tasks (1) verifying whether applicants met objective criteria to become eligible for assistance, and (2) issuing checks in a timely manner. By contrast, under the PRWORA these front-line workers moldiness behave a variety of tasks, including evaluation and counseling, designed to put masses to work. As a result, they have a much bigger say in decisions affecting applicants than they had previously2. W hat is the consanguinity between Aide to Families with Dependent Children AFDC) and Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Program (JOBS)?3. What is the difference, if any, between Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and the benefit-to-Work Grant Programs? Explain in detail.PRWORA replaced AFDC with TANF and ended entitlement to cash assistance for low-income families, meaning that some families may be denied aid even if they are eligible. Under TANF, states have broad discretion to determine who is eligible for benefits and services. In general states must use funds to serve families with children, with the only exceptions related to efforts to reduce non-marital childbearing and heighten marriage. States cannot use TANF funds to assist most legal immigrants until they have been in the country for at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 5 years. TANF dumbfounds forth the following work requirements in order to qualify for benefits 1. Recipients (with few exceptions) must w ork as soon as they are melody ready or no later than two years after coming on assistance. 2. Single parents are required to participate in work activities for at least 30 hours per week. Two-parent families must participate in work activities 35 or 55 hours a week, depending upon circumstances.3. Failure to participate in work requirements can result in a lessening or termination of benefits to the family. 4. States, in fiscal year 2004, have to ensure that 50 percent of all families and 90 percent of two-parent families are participating in work activities. If a state meets these goals without restricting eligibility, it can receive a caseload reduction credit. This credit reduces the minimum participation rates the state must accomplish to continue receiving federal funding. While states are given more flexibility in the design and death penalty of public assistance, they must do so within various provisions of the law 1. Provide assistance to needy families so that children may be cared for in their own homes or in the homes of relatives 2. end the colony of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work, and marriage3. prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and substantiate annual numerical goals for preventing and reducing the incidence of these pregnancies 4. and encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families. Funding for TANF underwent several changes from its predecessor, AFDC. Under AFDC, states provided cash assistance to families with children, and the federal government paid half or more of all program costs. federal spending was provided to states on an open-ended basis, meaning that funding was tied to the get of caseloads. Federal law mandated that states provide some level of cash assistance to eligible poor families but states had broad discretion in setting the benefit levels. Under TANF, states qualify for block grants. The funding for these block grants are fixed and the amount each state receives is based on the level of federal contributions to the state for the AFDC program in 1994. States are required to maintain their spending for welfare programs at 80 percent of their 1994 spending levels, with a reduction to 75 percent if states meet other work-participation requirements.States have greater flexibility in decision making how they spend funds as long as they meet the provisions of TANF described above. Welfare recipients and definite non-custodial parents are going to work, gaining job skills, and receiving the temporary admirer they need to become economically independent finished local initiatives supported by Welfare-to-Work grants from the U.S. Department of Labor. These outcomes have been a primary goal of Federal welfare policy since the enactment of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Act which ended welfare as an entitlement and set lifetime limits on an individuals benefits. Additional welfare reform legi slation in 1997 current the Department of Labor to provide Welfare-to-Work grants to serve the hardest-to-employ, long welfare recipients get education, training, work experience, and private-sector jobs. These grants to States and communities are mean to provide welfare recipients with training, transitional employment, job placement services, and support services.Local communities have the flexibility to design programs that fit their particular needs. Approximately three-fourths of the $3 billion authorized for Welfare-to-Work was allocated to States on the basis of their exiguity populations the States are required to spend $1 of non- Federal funding for every $2 in Federal funds. Nearly one-fourth of the total funds were awarded competitively to local governments, private industry councils, or community-based organizations 1 percent of the funds was awarded to Indian tribes, and 0.8 percent was set aside for evaluation.The Welfare-to-Work Initiative evolves to meet societys needs, even though virtually all of the grant funds had been distributed by the end of 1999. At least 70 percent of grant funds were required to be spent on services to long-term recipients of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and non-custodial parents. The remainder could be spent on TANF recipients who have characteristics associated with long-term welfare dependency, youth who have received foster-care services, and custodial parents with incomes below the pauperism line. Eligibility criteria were simplified under the Welfare-to-Work and Child keep Amendments of 1999. Under related programs, Work Opportunity and Welfare-to-Work tax credits provide4. How are the Welfare-to-Work Programs being carried out in the State of Mississippi? Temporary Assistance for Needy Families provides cash benefits to families once they have been okay for the program. The benefits can be used for any legal personal reason, such as rent, food, child care or medical bills. The benefit am ount is determined by a familys monthly income and the size. In Mississippi, if a familys income does not meet the standard of need used for eligibility, the state itself may supply benefits. In 2011, the supreme state allowance for needy families was $110 per month for the first person in the program, $36 for the second base and $24 for every additional person. Time LimitThe federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act imposed new time limits for TANF. No state can offer benefits for longer than the federal limit, although they may be extended under certain circumstances for a limited time. Mississippi uses the federal guideline for TANF benefits, although the time limit in some other states is shorter. TANF participants in Mississippi cannot receive help for more than 60 months, or five years.EligibilityNot all needy individuals qualify for TANF. Only families with children may apply, and the children must be deprived of one or both of their parents because of unempl oyment, absence or inability to perform their parental duties. In 2011, the family cannot exceed a maximum monthly income level or hold more than $2,000 in assets, such as real estate or cash. Mississippi rules also require that any parent or relative caretaker who takes TANF money because one or more of the parents are absent must assign support rights to the state and aid the state in obtaining child support payments from the absent parent, which may require legally establishing paternity. Work RequirementsAll adults who participate in Mississippis TANF program must meet the work requirements or lose their benefits. There are exceptions for women who are in their third trimester of pregnancy and have complications. You also do not have to meet the work requirements if you are the victim of domestic violence, in discourse for substance abhorrence, disabled, elderly or caring for a disabled household member or child under 12 months of age. Participants have 25 months to meet all w ork requirements before losing benefits. The program does help participants with skills assessments, developing an Employability Development Plan and job training. Vocational education, work experience programs, community service and job searches qualify as work activities for TANF.5. Promoting marriage and helping those with substance abuse were the secondary goals of the reform. Referring to the US Welfare Reform in 1996, how was secondary goals achieved? In conjunction with supporting work, new policies deny assistance to people who do not work. The work requirements in TANF are stricter than those in AFDC, fewer recipients are exempted from them, and failure to be with them can lead to financial sanctions. In addition, PRWORA limits nonworking able-bodied adults without dependents to three months of food stamps, and state General Assistance programs have declined.States have done less to achieve welfare reforms family structure goalsencouraging marriage, reducing the number of births outside of marriage, and keeping children in their own homes or the homes of relativesthan they have to promote work (chapter 3). Many states make TANF available on a fairly equal basis to families with single and with married parents, which reverses a long bias in the welfare system against serving two-parent families and thereby possibly discouraging marriage. Twenty states have adopted family caps that deny additional benefits to adults who have children while they are on welfare. Another PRWORA provision strengthens the child support system, with the federal government developing a data registry to facilitate collections from working noncustodial parents, states being required to adopt new child support enforcement tools, and individual welfare recipients facing sanctions if they fail to help with the child support system.6. How successful was the 1996 Welfare Reform?Declining Welfare DemandIn 1994, about 5.1 cardinal families were receiving cash assistance from the go vernment. Most beneficiaries have since been forced to leave the welfare rolls for low-paying jobs, following the 1996 welfare reforms. By 2006, USA Today estimates that 1 million more had been removed either because of failure to follow state rules, or they had depleted all the benefits allowed under time limits. At the 10th anniversary of the PRWORA, only about 1.9 million families were getting cash benefits 38 percent were blacks, 33 percent were white and 24 percent were Hispanic. Between 1994 and 2004, the welfare caseload recorded an unprecedented decline of 60 percent.Working Single MothersOf the families on welfare in 2006, unmarried women headed three out of four. However, statistics indicate earnings for the poorest 40 percent of single acquire households doubled between 1996 and 2006. Statistics also revealed that about 60 percent of adults leaving welfare were employed at any given moment, according to the Brookings Institution, and that over several months, about 80 pe rcent held at least one job.Rising Income LevelsBetween 1993 and 2000, the percentage of low-income single mothers with a job grew from 58 percent to well-nigh 75 percent, an increase of almost 30 percent, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. This was a direct result of welfare reforms. The overall income of low-income families increased by more than 25 percent over the period, and by 2006, child poverty fell significantly. According to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, welfare reforms have succeeded mainly because the presumption of government assistance as an entitlement has been reversed.The Knowledge GapThe University of Michigan argues that research on welfare reforms is too rivet on poverty reduction rates, lower out-of-wedlock childbearing and greater family stability, while overlooking spousal abuse and child neglect. The university argues that poverty levels remain high among single mothers and their children and that welfare recipient faced impediments to sta ble employment. Similarly, the profession Policies Institute suggests more research must be conducted in an effort to understand the relationship between minimum wages and welfare recipiency. The minimum wage research data is currently more focused on high school dropouts, with only limited attention paid to poor adults.

Two Leaders S. Jobs and R. Branson Essay Example for Free

Two leading S. Jobs and R. Branson EssayThis project theme is based on comparison made in the midst of two leaders knows as CEO of apple Comp whatsoever Late Steve Jobs and CEO of stark(a) group Sir Richard Branson. In this project musical theme both drawing cards have been comp ard and contrasted gibe to their leadership qualities, skills, attitudes, personalities and value system owned by each of them. agree to this inclined project report comparison made amidst both the leaders shows that Richard Branson is considered as an strong Leader because he is participative and charismatic in nature. He possesses some(prenominal)(prenominal) leadership, managerial and entrepreneurial skills and qualities. Sum up, gibe to outline of given project, this report provides some recommendations regarding the leadership expressive styles and qualities to be followed in organizations.* There is no single style of leadership to be followed by leaders because leaders must cha nge their styles according to mandatory situation. * An sound leader has qualities such(prenominal) as honesty, surety, responsibility, excellent conference, enthusiasm, motivation, competence and etc. * Successful leadership argon take for managing conflicts, framing earmark decisions, thinking strategic exclusivelyy, empowering employees, and calculative team based structures (Mind Tools Ltd 2013). * Steve Jobs and Sir Richard Branson both applied similar uprise of being a transformational leader and valued factors such as quality and innovation for creating a lucky and sustainable blood line.* Steve Jobs Late CEO of orchard apple tree confederation was an autocratic and transactional leader. He was having excellent communication and skilful skills for applying it to in the raw technologies but he lacked interpersonal skills with him. * Richard Branson CEO of pure(a) Group is considered as participative, charismatic, and leader. He possess skills such as interpersona l, communication, negotiation and persuasion for diversifying several brands under a single virgin group. * Sir Richard Branson is comp bed and contrasted according to received attributes such as personality, values, emotions and leadership qualities and is found more effective as compared to Steve Jobs. Table of ContentsPage No1.0Introduction leading are typically thought to be individuals who create a strong persuade on others. For an example in ball-shaped business environment leadership have been creating difference with their qualities and styles followed by them. The effective leading have qualities such as honesty, responsibility, loyalty, enthusiasm, determination, creative, adapt superpower, good communication, empathy, competence, respect and acting as a blood line of motivation for the followers. In an era of globalization Leaders are creating an edge over their competitors by applying leadership Qualities.1.1AimThe aim of this project report is to compare and con trast two global Leaders such as Steve Jobs and Richard Branson. It forget highlight similarities and dissimilarities between two leaders and their leadership styles. Among two leaders, best Leader and his leading qualities followed by him to lead the organization is being explained in this report. The effective leadership skills and qualities making them successful are described in detail. The factors that apprize make a successful Leader, manager and entrepreneur in any situation are explained in this project report. In this project Report, Steve Jobs and Richard Branson have been defined as Leaders from Business perspective. Both the Leaders have been compared and contrasted according to their leadership qualities. Among the two Leaders one of an effective Leader is identified by comparing and contrasting the leadership qualities.2.0 Who is a Leader?To begin with the discussion, Leaders need to be defined in detail. A Leader is one who leads from front and has got an top exe cutive to influence others for getting the work done successfully (Macmillan Publishers Limited 2012). In an organization Leaders are required for managing the conflicts, framing appropriate decisions, thinking strategically, empowering employees, and designing team based structures. Leaders possess knowledge, skills and expertise regarding several fields. Several Leadership styles can be followed by Leaders such as participative, directive, charismatic, transformational and transactional style. Participative leaders are those who support the employees by providing them resources and helping them. Directive Leaders are autocratic in nature and motivation the employees to complete their task in given clipping frame.Charismatic Leaders are those who can stimulate employees to follow his instructions. They are the vision creator for an organization. Transformational Leaders are those who can create self busy within employees for achieving the objectives. Transactional Leaders want employees to achieve the set goals and targets. This report is provided fair analysis of Leadership qualities and styles followed in Business environment globally. There is no single style of leadership which is considered the best one. According to situations Leaders must have an ability to adapt particular leadership style (MGR Consulting 2006). However, in that respect are umteen a(prenominal) examples which highlights that Leaders are developed in organization by implementing Leadership development programs.3.0Discussion3.1Two Leaders as Steve Jobs and Richard BransonIn this project report the two Leaders Steve Jobs and Richard Branson are being explained. Steve Jobs was the Late CEO of Apple Computers Inc (Leadership with You 2012). He was born on 1955 at US and was a Board Member at Walt Disney Company. He was innovative and critical thinker in nature which helped him to climb the ladder of success. He created one of the close to valuable companies of world. Steve Jobs lo ved to experiment with electronics products which helped him to create a niche market for apple products. Apple is a leader in I-pod and I-phones which attract the youths. The competitors of Apple used re-positioning strategies immediately after launching of their products.Richard Branson is the chairman of gross(a) Group and was born on 1950 at United Kingdom. He started his career by recording and latter(prenominal) he owned Virgin Airlines. He is being addressed by big(p) title as Sir listed in the list of wealthiest entrepreneurs of Britain. Virgin is one of the most reputed brands existing in more than thirty countries of world, and it is diversified into several segments. Steve Jobs Richard Branson both are treated as global leaders for undermentioned their respective leadership qualities and styles.3.2 Compare and Contrast Two LeadersThe two leaders know as Late CEO of Apple Steve Jobs and owner of Virgin Group Sir Richard Branson is being compared and Contrasted in this paragraph. * Comparison between two LeadersSteve Job was autocratic in nature and precious to work with likeminded people. He wanted himself to be involved in each and every detail for getting expected result from his employees (Richard Hughes, R Ginnett, Gordon J Curphy 2009). He was a transformational and transactional leader too. He acted as transactional Leader, by creating vision for Apple Company and encouraging all employees to link their performance for achieving set goals and targets. He acted as a transformational leader by focusing all around Apples technology and motivating employees to create self fire for making it one of the most valuable and appreciated Brand all across the Globe (Conceivably technical school 2012).He carried such as personality which will be remembered in terms of technology for many years. Richard Branson and Steve Jobs worked with passion and dedication to get effective results for creating things which could make them feel proud. Sir Richard Br anson also worked with people for creating difference in similar manner as Steve Job created. He believed in creating something which worth for quality similarly as Steve Jobs did for Apple. Richard Branson and Steve Jobs acted as transformational Leader for striving best qualities among their people. In brief both Leaders positioned their organization all across the globe by providing superior quality of product, services with strong Brand Image.* Contrast between Two LeadersThe difference between both the Leaders and their Leadership styles are being listed with green goddess points. * Steve Jobs was an autocratic Leader and followed an Authoritarian Leadership style. He believed in getting excellence from his employees whereas Richard Branson is participative and delegative in nature. * Steve Jobs had a personality to be centre of attraction for getting any activity being done at Apple whereas Richard Branson provides complete autonomy to his employees for getting things done in a better manner. * Steve jobs acted as a good communicator where as Richard Branson believe in listening others for avoiding mistakes (Finnie, Scot 2011).* Steve Jobs believed in holding power in his reach whereas Sir Richard Branson believe that distribution of power is effective for diversifying the business. * Steve Jobs used concept of firing and forcing for employees to deliver the desired event whereas Sir Richard Branson believe that an organization is created and developed by people. * Jobs believed that Business can be managed with great ideas whereas Richard Branson stated that gaiety should be created, employees should be rewarded for their ideas. According to skills, qualities and attributes required by the Leaders, effectiveness of Richard Branson as a Leader will be explained in this project report.3.3One of the Effective LeadersAccording to both Leaders, Sir Richard Branson can be considered as an effective leader. The leadership qualities possessed by him are bein g researched and explained in detail. Richard Branson is the figurehead of Virgin Group. According to researchers, the three factors which highlight the leadership traits of Richard Branson are smile and work with friendly approach, enjoy mutation at work, and appreciate the ideas of employees. According to (Paul Beeston 2010) there are certain attributes which is being possessed by Richard Branson. They are segmented below. Personality Richard Branson Personality states certain attributes such as he is a charming, caring, sensitive, frank and evangelical Leader. Values He applies attributes to value system for growing the business at Virgin Group. It includes factors such as quality, working in team, competition, reliability, fun and innovation.Emotions He is emotional and applied attributes by being good listener, encourager, and communicator. Leadership Attributes Richard Branson is a charismatic, participative and transformational leader who could create vision of Virgin Group and diversified it by being participative. He applies principle of time vigilance and valued contribution of employees at Virgin Group. He is having and ability to commence right talent and create an environment where he can fit them. According to Branson, study takes value by committing mistakes and negotiation takes place by persuading others. He is a true motivator for employees at Virgin group by encouraging informality. He believes in building interpersonal descent, accepts the challenges by experimenting things. Therefore from the supra attributes which are being highlighted it can be stated that Richard Branson is more effective as compared to Steve Jobs while applying Leadership qualities. However Richard Branson we will explain the skills being possessed by Steve Jobs and Richard Branson in this project report3.4 Skills show by Both the Leaders.The leaders need to demonstrate certain skills for marking their presence as Leaders in Business environment. To grow the bus iness effective communication should take place. Steve Jobs had a good communication and an entrepreneur skill. He acted as a good team Leader and implemented strategies upon the team members. He worked with perseverance skill and focused on providing quality products. He had innovating skill and technical skills which was applied for designing new technologies to make apple a reputed brand all across the globe. According to him Continuous Learning is required for a Leader and his employees of Organization to create a valuable Brand. He believed in hiring loyal people which shows that he was ethical and loyal towards Apple Company. However, Steve Jobs lacked to build better interpersonal relations because he had autocratic leadership skills. He had entrepreneurial skills which helped him to bear the risk at Apple (Mansueto Ventures LLC 2013). Virgin Group is one of the most reputed companies of the world.Richard Branson applies several skills to manage the business which is diversif ied into more than 300 brands. He is a good listener and values employees contribution a lot. He believes in attainment from the knightly mistakes so that time could be saved from committing a new mistake in future. People management skill is being applied by him for empowering the employees at Virgin Group. He applies interpersonal skills to build relationship with clients, stakeholders, and suppliers of virgin group. He possesses additional skills such as being flexible, selling skills, negotiation and appropriate leadership skills. However he also applies leadership and management skills by being participative, charismatic and transformational. thus it can be demonstrated that both Leaders possessed different skills to manage the business in global environment. However Richard Branson has got more skills which helped virgin group to grow immensely.3.5 Reasons making successful Leader, Managers entrepreneur Nevertheless, there are certain factors which affect the business envir onment such as changing customer demand frequently, technology, and fluctuations in the economies. To cope up with such factors organizations need to develop leaders for sustaining and growing their business by accepting the challenges. Steve Jobs and Richard Branson both became successful leaders in their respective areas by creating ideas and vision for their companies, giving respect to customers, stakeholders and employees, communicating transparently, implementing appropriate decisions during critical situations, assuring accountability, supporting the team based working structures, enforcing the learning attitude among themselves and their employees, and adapting changes made in terms of technologies (Donald Patterson 2009). According to Henry Fayol managers are those individuals who have an ability to plan, organize, orchestrate and control the flow of activities for achieving the organizational goals.Steve Jobs and Richard Branson acted as Managers to become successful and created an edge for their organization by train and counseling their employees, delegating the work appropriately, valuing each other to motivate the employees, developing and following a beseeming corporate assimilation, managing the time, and analyzing the risks with analytical skills (Management Advisory Service UK Ltd 2011). As an entrepreneur Steve Jobs and Richard Branson have qualities such as an ability to take higher risks, enjoy the work, act as a promoter, know their customers, experimenting with technologies, creating an edge over others, grabbing the opportunity, negotiating with stakeholders, and managing the time effectively. As an entrepreneur Richard Branson states that he admired Steve Jobs a lot. According to him, one should hire employees according to need. When there is an unnoticed opportunity to everyone, there are high chances of converting it to the vision in reality (The Branson Centre of entrepreneurship 2011). Thus these were the reasons which made Ste ve Jobs and Richard Branson as successful leader, manager and entrepreneur in their respective business.4.0 ConclusionFrom the above report it can be concluded that Leaders have an ability to lead from the front by creating influence upon their employees in an organization. In an era of globalization business has to undergo several changes in terms of demographics, technology, culture and economic changes. To cope up with existing and emerging challenges leaders need to implement the successful qualities such of leaders, managers and entrepreneurs. In this project report Steve jobs CEO of Apple Company and Richard Branson CEO of Virgin group are being compared and contrasted. They have been compared in terms of their leadership qualities, styles being followed, skills implemented by them, personality, values, and emotions with respect to certain attributes.Steve Jobs was considered as autocratic and self centered Leader who focused more on technical skills whereas Richard Branson is considered as charismatic, participative and transformational leader who has strong interpersonal skills for managing the business. Steve Jobs focused more towards work whereas Richard Branson enjoys fun at work. Thus according to leadership, managerial and entrepreneurial qualities possessed by both the Leaders, Sir Richard Branson is considered as an effective Leader because he has ability to diversify business into several segments under a single virgin Group.5.0 RecommendationsHowever, perfect and effective leaders are those who have an ability to accept the critics and move ahead by managing several changes. The recommendations are listed in bullet points. * There is no single style of leadership which is considered the best one. There are several qualities possessed by leaders and styles must be changed according to required situation. * An effective leader has qualities such as honesty, loyalty, responsibility, excellent communication, enthusiasm, motivation, competence and etc. * Successful Leaders are required for managing conflicts, framing appropriate decisions, thinking strategically, empowering employees, and designing team based structures (Mind Tools Ltd 2013). * Steve Jobs and Sir Richard Branson both applied similar approach of being a transformational leader and valued factors such as quality and innovation for creating a successful and sustainable business.* According to this project report, Steve Jobs CEO of Apple Company was an autocratic and transactional leader. He was having excellent communication and technical skills for applying it to new technologies but he lacked interpersonal skills with him. * Richard Branson CEO of Virgin Group is considered as participative, charismatic, and leader. He possesses skills such as interpersonal, communication, negotiation and persuading for diversifying several brands under a single virgin group. * Sir Richard Branson is compared and contrasted according to certain attributes such as personality, values, emotions and leadership qualities and was found more effective as compared to Steve Jobs. Although Richard Branson admired Steve Jobs a lot but he states that fun should be created to bring new ideas into business.6.0 ReferencesR. L. Hughes, R.C. Ginnett, G.J. Curphy, 2012, Leadership Enhancing the Lessons of Experience, 7th edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York. Macmillan Publishers Limited 2012,Leader, viewed on 11-01-2013, http//oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/leader MGR Consulting 2006,Why we need Leaders, Accessed on 11-01-2013, http//mgrconsulting.com/Newsletters/eNewsletter_06_02.pdf Leadership with You 2012,Steve Jobs Leadership upshot Study, Accessed on 11-01-2013, http//www.leadership-with-you.com/steve-jobs-leadership.html Conceivably Tech 2012,Defining Leadership Sir Richard Branson, viewed on 11-01-2013, http//www.conceivablytech.com/9668/business/defining-leadership-sir-richard-branson Richard Hughes, R Ginnett, Gordon J Curphy 2009, Leadership Enhancing the Lessons of Experience Journal of Education for Business, vol.6, pp-189 Finnie, Scot 2011,Steve Jobs Indelible Mark, Finnie, Scot 2011, vol.45, no.19, pp 49 Paul Beeston 2010, Belief molding for the Leadership of Richard Branson, Change in Mind Ltd.