Multicultural Britain Essay

My task is to explain why citizenry chose to im immigrate to Britain, with reference to the flow 1880 to the present day.Britain has been Multicultural for hundreds of geezerhood. There be the diverse cultures and languages of the pile of Scot d protest, Wales, Ireland and England. Britains think with the commonwealth countries of the Caribbean, Angloph superstar Africa, Cyprus, Australia, New Zealand and the Indian subcontinent were unaffixed up through trade and subsequent seduction and colonization. Around five per cent of Britains present tribe be from pagan minorities. Multicultural mess be a arguable term, associated with various appraisals ab f every last(predicate) out racial and cultural identities, cultural, diversity and difference, and policies and pr guessices in schools and topical anaesthetic establishment authorities.Since ancient times race shoot been moving to Britain and remission in that respect. These immigrants form entirely do a win ove r to Britain as a whole. There argon legion(predicate) reasons for in-migration, rough of which be wars, famine, draught, stinting changes, lack of facilities, apparitional restraints, prejudice, discrimination or even as safees.Since the s resoluti whizzenth speed of light Jews had lived in Britain and had forrader long be get under ones skin a vital part of British life, including the social, constitution- qualification and economical life of Britain. throughout the nineteenth century a minority of Jews go on to migrate to Britain, with umpteen Jews even cosmos born there. barely afterwards(prenominal)ward the work of 1880, the minority of Jews already living there (Anglo- Judaic) experienced a sudden climax of Jews into Britain.In 1881 the Russian Jews were held responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. M all Jews directly became certain that it was time to leave and gravel a impudently life in a western solid ground. Many move to Britai n k flatingly there was already a secure successful residential area of Jews there.The Judaic immigrants were condemned by some side Jews whilst other(a)s welcomed them with open arms. On the other gift the side of meat raft blamed the Jews for the overcrowding in Britain and as hygienic as for making it strong to look for jobs and die hard.The Jews colonized in the double cities of London, Leeds and Manchester. These cities had a large population of Jews who were hoped to be encourageed by the Russian Jews, there was overly a commodious opport accordance of diddle here. besides the Jews had to live in the unforesightfuler, overcrowding areas of these cities. Despite the overcrowding and forgetful living conditions, the house rent was steep ascribable to the shortage of housing. The rent along with lack of jobs and living conditions were e truly causes of racial discrimination and injustice a get inst the Jews. even so intimately Jews lived in the poorer are as, as this was entirely they could afford. rough cockeyed Jews overlyk litigate and built blocks of flats.Due to the immigration of the Jews, before 1881 British inhabitants expanded at a rate of 4% per year, after 1881 the population increased 10% any year. hitherto the Jews that had come all colonised in the vitamin E bar, thus making this area concentrated with the list of Jews. This disordered some of the Anglo-Jewish community for some(prenominal) reasons. It made the Jews rattling visible the Jewish good deal already living in England were disturbed regarding the influence that so umteen Jews would grant on the good implicit in(p) interaction built up by the Jews already living in England with the side flock. The Jews were already very disparate in their traditions, etiquettes and political affairs than that of the British Jews. short the Jews became mods.The quality of work the Jews chose to do in adapt and footwear they chose to do it with Jews who could govern Yiddish (a Jewish language), and who understood their religious needs. The work they chose relied on their existing skills or involved skills that could be learned quickly and had a come of simple recurring procedures. All the work could be through in broken grounds, practically(prenominal) as houses, cellars e.t.c. The work was done by a small number of bulk. The situation in such work areas was objectionable. Work hours could likewise be broad(a)-ranging according to the religious calendar.The Jews entered England at a time of rising redundancy and thus were held responsible by the legislator of challenging with the English taking into account the few jobs which were obtainable. The idea of the immigrant Jews and sweating (the practice of overworking and underpaying workers in cramped, ill-lit and unhealthy conditions), became associated in the minds of some(prenominal) English deal.The state of England had numerous take ups of the Jews. A invalida ting impression of the Jewish immigrants is that they caused overcrowding, working in unhygienic conditions and breathing an atmosphere of sheepskin particles containing dangerous dyes. The flush was withal so outlandish to the lay pile that they had non yet learnt how to roleplay out the chain so as to drizzle out and clear the toilet. However a positive impression is gained by other inhabitants that they currently became successful and praised them of their intelligence.Most British community commiserated with the Jews but because of the numbers and eminence of Russian Jewish immigrants, the attitude of nation to the Jewish immigrants began to revolutionize.The alien question, soon became the subject in the British politics. The extraterrestrial cosmos question was of three parts being that some psyches sensed that a legal philosophy was essential to determine who could colonize in Britain, The aliens became a factor to the sweating matter, and some also reasoned tha t it was the aliens who moveed up the rents of houses. Soon later a pres sure as shooting group, the British Brothers league was structured, which was to con caudal fine alien immigrants.With all these pressures the Conservative Government allotted a Royal delegating on transfer immigration. A impudent fair play was soon primed on the Royal Commissions work. The Bill of 1904 would eliminate as undesirable, persons of extremely bad character, or without discernible means of support or promising to become a public charge. However the shipping companies who transported the immigrants also promoted the Government to gain their support and the liberals also strongly remote this bank none being passed. Due to such opposition the bill was withdrawn.However the Conservatives that the impertinently law would promote voters particularly at a time when the next ecumenical resource was in a years time, so the Aliens Bill was put spur into the Parliament in 1905, and this time the Liberals also never stood in its way as they knew a new law be popular. On 10 August 1905 the bill became law, however if the immigrant is seeking admission to quash prosecution or punishment on religious or political grounds, leave to enter shall non be refused on the ground that he does non cave in enough money or give be a burden on others.An extract from the Aliens Act (1905)The conservatives lost the election in 1906, and so the Liberal legal residence Secretaries operated the law. To start with more immigrants were sent lynchpin as they failed to state things which would grant them entry, so the number of Jews coming to Britain fell until 1909. However after 1909 the figure of immigrants returned back to the median(prenominal) figure of 5000 a year.Many Jews welcomed the act or refused to condemn it. The Jews who had just immigrated t6o the eastside oddment of London reacted in much the same way as they feared overcrowding and tilt of work. The Anglo-Jewish commu nity had stated that the Jews settling in one place would roleplay at gotion to their dress, language and manner. They also warned that in fifteen years time the impression of todays refugees would be the majuscule bulk of Englands population, and therefore bring shame to the community. To deal with this prospect the reading of the children of the Immigrated Jews was encourage.The leaders of the Jewish community were very anxious and supportive in the fist world war.In the last ten years of the nineteenth century a new movement was put into action called Zionism, this was in favour to gain a Jewish mother country. The favoured place for this was in the communicable Jewish home, Palestine. However the Anglo-Jewish community opposed the idea of a homeland as they never treasured all their relationships with the British to be gone level the drain. They wanted to be seen as a community loyal to the British and religious not as a people without a homeland.In 1917 the British soldiers invaded Palestine which was then under Turkish rule. The British government issued a control that broadly supported the creation of a homeland. At t6he same time the British issued another statement which promised the Arabs inde3pendence from the Turks. This was to win the support of the Jews in the States and to involve America in the war. Empty promises were also made to the Arabs to involve them in the war too on Britains side.From 1914, the anti-German hysteria that sweep the country did not distinguish in the midst of Jew and German.Criticism to the Jewish immigrants centred on how many of the new immigrants joined up to fight. The Anglo-Jewish wanted to fight for their new country. conjure up reports of Russian Jews moving from London to the countryside to forefend the Zeppelin raids added to prejudice towards the Jews.The Balfour Declaration brought heed to Zionism in Britain which made people study that the Jews were ungrateful to their adapted country Brita in.The Russian Revolution also helped form the views of the British against the Jewish immigrants and were portrayed by the newsprint as communists.The Aliens Restrictions Act was passed in 1914 which as a issuance had a enormous influence on Jewish immigrants. Zionism was too without delay weakened whilst prejudice against the Jews increased. employ the powers of 1919 al most(prenominal) all the poor low-class immigrants went to decline.In the 1920s many Jews had now gained a higher position deep down the British conjunction and were a more prosperous community. Due to this prosperity the Jews now started to move out of the East end of London.As Britain saw the runner of the first years one Labour politician was Sir Oswald Mosley. He resigned from Labour in 1930 as many of his ideas of how to solve the problem of unemployment were rejected. He set up his own new party in 1931 known as the New Party. Mosley, in 1932 created the British meat Fascists (BUF). Mosley saw t he socialists and the communists as a danger. Mosley also enjoyed support from the Daily Mirror owner, lord Rothermere, through which he made sure that it reported favourably of the BUF.In the beginning the BUF were not anti-Semitic, but later in 1934 the BUF policy changed and now Jewish people were no longer allowed to be members of the BUF.Throughout the year 1934 Jewish people were attacked and provoked. The Jews were all advised not to do anything against the law thus not to be seen as lawbreakers.On 4 October 1936 the BUF planned a manifest through the East End of London and planned to listen to Mosley speak at intervals. Jewish Trade Unionists and communists consistent a blockade to the march with barricades. As a termination the BUF had to abandon the march from the Tower of London to Victoria set in Hackney.Immediately after the solution of Cable Street, support for the BUF grew. However in the long term the BUF were in decline. Mosleys attempts to try and stir up pe rsonnel towards the Jews were much criticised. The Government tried to drive away this by passing the Incitement to alienation Act in November 1934 and a new public Order Act in 1936 which affected the holding of marches. However the BUF did not win any local or general election seats and as a result Mosley was imprisoned from 1940 to 1943.The event of Cable Street showed that there were divisions among the Jews themselves as thousands of working-class Jews rejected the calls of their leaders to stand off the streets.This event also be that extreme parties were also a little terror to law and order, and as a result was acted quickly to in order to point their influence.In 1945 when the snatch initiation fight ended, Europe had changed. Millions of people had lost their homes etcetera Towns and cities were devastated. Countries in Eastern Europe were taken over by the communist government with very different ideas about equivalence and freedom to those governments in the West. Many people in Eastern Europe did not want to live under a communist government. As a result of these wars trillions of people became refugees.Many people were already in Britain when the war ended. After Hitler invaded Poland many Poles go away Poland and many came to Britain, and some came to Britain lone(prenominal) to fight against Germany. When Poland became communist in 1945, many of the Poles decided to stay in Britain.Some of the refugees from Europe came to Britain in await of a new life and were welcomed by the British as Britain call for to be re-built after the devastation of the war. Large numbers of workers were needed especially in mining, engineering, agriculture, transport and building. This was due to many British men and women being killed, injured etc. During the war many women were encouraged to work but after were encouraged to stay at home. This meant that more workers were needed to replace them. Britain was made worsened by many British people mov ing to the Old Common wealth countries.During the Second World struggle the British Empire was very weighty in the war, as these people had raw materials, people industries etc.After the Second World war, these people from British colonies were encouraged to come to settle in Britain. This was because Britains position war labour shortage could not be solved by refugees alone. British companies advertised in the New community Countries for workers.All citizens of the British colonies were given the honest to settle in Britain. Almost one quarter of the worlds population was allowed to settle in Britain due to its great empire. In 1948 the British Nationality Act was passed which gave citizens of the British colonies and of the commonwealth equal rights of citizenship in Britain as those people who had been born and bread in Britain. After the second World War many Caribbeans emigrated to Britain. This was partly because they had fought for this country and others were just cu rious to see the land they had fought for.At first immigration from the Caribbean to Britain was dim but soon after a hurricane in Jamaica in 1951 immigration increased. some other cause of the rise in immigration was that the USA had set strict rules on immigration from the Caribbean and so people who wanted to migrate had to look for other options of where to migrate to.Many people who lived in cities were well paying and did not want to do jobs like cleaning etc and so immigrants from the colonies were encouraged to do this type of work. Many West Indians were welcomed as nurses and the Caribbeans settled in Britain and so the later arrivals were mainly wives, children and parents of those people who had settled in Britain.Britain was portrayed to these people who migrated to Britain as being the mother-country, kind, caring and powerful. Upon migrating, many of these people were surprised to see the measurement of filth and dirt in Britain. Britain was not as wealthy as they had expected.However people who had come to Britain to fight in the Second World War were welcomed cordially heartedly, but on the other hand when these people returned to Britain due to labour shortages, the intercession they standard was completely contradictory to what they had received at the Second World War.When fag Victoria came to throne, Britain had the smallest empire with the least dirt. queen regnant Victorias death however, left behind a greater territory approximately ruling 500 million people. British ideas were of being superior to any other race, thus inferior.Britain used adverts to guide many people and to spread its ideas of unity and loyalty to the people of Britain.Between 1945 and 1968, consequential changes were made to who had the right of citizenship in Britain. The rights of citizenship had been restrict by 1968. The changes happened partly because of racist attitudes and partly due to changing economic changes.Since the Second World War the patte rn of migration into and out of Britain has changed. This has been due to changes in the law, wars, abuses of human rights, poverty, famine, and the establishment of the European Union. Since 1990 the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Britain swallow also changed and become a controversial political issue.There was less immigration after the Second World War of the British citizenships had been born in the colonies of commonwealth. The British Nationality Act and the immigration Laws made it difficult to enter Britain. However immigration from the European Union was allowed however immigration from poor undeveloped countries such as the Caribbean were not allowed to set work permits in Britain.extra time people had come to Britain as refugees and also left in look to of refuge such as the Jews.Nevertheless, people ease up migrated to Britain due top wars in their own countries leaving millions of people homeless, in search of jobs, famine in their homelands, in search of a better life, education, medication, for marriage purposes, persecution in their country and some have also come to Britain as refugees and even as asylum seekers.In cultivation, the reasons for the entry of millions of people into Britain during the years from 1880 to the recent day are extremely complicated, revolving around a abstruse of economic, political. Short term, underlying and personal uphold and pull factors. The immigration of any individual minority includes a set of factors whimsical to itself. In some cases, such as the mid-nineteenth century, Irish push factors played an arouse role, as the famine literally forced the people off the land. However the geographical proximity of Britain and the open door policy towards immigration played a fundamental role in attracting the Irish.The potato sour failed completely and one million Irish died of disease starvation. As a result about 200,000 people emigrated, about half(prenominal) of them to Britain.Between 1870 and 1914 over 200,000 Jewish people arrived in Britain. Most of these Jews lived in East London where living conditions were bad. It was easy for them to fin d work (for untrained people e.g. clothing and furniture) but were low paid and worked long hours. Yet many Jews visited the synagogue and were free to practice their religion.The entry of immigrants to Britain did not happen steadily but in waves. Some periods had more immigrants flooding into Britain than others.The media have recognised that Britain has become a multi society and presents some positive images of Blacks and Asiatics. People of Asian origin have become the most successful businessmen in Britain.In short, there have been both continuities and new developments in the history of immigrant minorities in Britain before and after 1945. Because of the more complete financial backing after 1945, we can form a fuller picture of the contemporary situation. However, we can make the following assertions for the whole crinkle of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. First, Britain has witnessed for a decomposable of reasons, the constant entry of a wide variety of immigrants, who have played an important role in the development of the economy. Second, these groups have varied in size, social composition, and sexual urge make-up, but they are part of British capitalist class society, not explicit from it. Finally, ethnicity has developed to a great extent, especially amongst larger minorities.However, as a different view, in conclusion, I also say that social scientists have found it very difficult to explain one of the most popular methods of explanation is to use a push pull model which distinguishes between the push of economic necessity in the migrants home society and the pull of fortune from abroad. The difficulty with this approach is that it obscures the inherent complexness of population movements and, as some critics have pointed out, it often treats the subjects as if they were automatons reacting to forces beyond their control. Ceri tittle-tattle, in his study of West Indian migration to Britain (1968), warns against relying too much on push determinism.The movements he describes did not take place during periods of economic depression in the Caribbean and they were not agree to high rates of population growth. Peach concludes that there is strong evidence for the view that (West Indian) migration was reacting not to internal conditions, but to a sing external stimulus that is to say the demand for labour in Britain (196893). This conclusion might be satisfactory if one wishes to leave the analysis of the highest levels of abstraction, but the migrants themselves seldom accept generalisations of this nature. Furthermore, other Historians have understandably demonstrated that it is impossible to categorise all of the relevant factors as either push or pull.